Old English also had oferstandan (Middle English overstonden), literally "over-stand," but it seem to have been used only in literal senses. UNDERSTAND is recorded occasionally in Middle English in a literal sense: "to occupy space at a lower level" (late 14c.) and, figuratively, "to submit." For "to stand under" in a physical sense, Old English had undergestandan. Perhaps the ultimate sense in UNDERSTAND is "be close to " compare Greek epistamai "I know how, I know," literally "I stand upon." The same survival in English might also provide the sense in the old expression under the (or these) circumstances.įor sense, compare the parallel word in French, entreprendre "to undertake, take in hand" (the source of our enterprise), the first element of which is entre "between, among." Likewise intelligence "faculty of understanding, comprehension" is a Latin compound with inter "between" (and legere "choose, pick out, read").īut other sources allow that the Old English UNDER also had extended senses of "among, between, before, in the presence of." "Among" seems to be the sense of it in many Old English compounds that resemble understand, such as underniman "to receive," undersecan "examine, investigate, scrutinize" ("underseek"), underðencan "consider, change one's mind" ("underthink"), underginnan "to begin." Such a survival also might explain the under in undertake.
Some who have studied it think there might have been a second preposition under surviving in the language, from a Germanic form of the ancient reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word (*enter "between, among") that also became Greek enter and Latin inter. One guess about the compound is that the notion is less "standing under" and more "standing in the midst of" (truth, facts, meaning, etc.). For understand, in Middle English, we also get understont, understounde, unþurstonde, onderstonde, hunderstonde, oundyrston, wonderstande, urdenstonden, and others. In general, the more different ways Middle English scribes spelled a word, the less sure they were of its derivation. My guess is that the image was confusing already by Middle English. Likewise the sense has not shifted since King Alfred's day: "to comprehend, grasp the idea of, receive from a word or words or from a sign the idea it is intended to convey to view in a certain way."īut what does "standing beneath" have to do with any of that? If that is what we are thought to do.
In form it is a compound of under + stand (v.), and it has been so since Old English. Understand is so plainly odd that even people who don't think about word histories notice it. SUPERSTITIOUS UNDERSTANDING Etymology's joke on us is that our very words that mean "grasp an idea of, mentally fit together parts of reality" - are themselves obscure or incomprehensible to us.
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